Definition Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, called charcoal burning, often by forming a charcoal kiln, the heat is supplied by burning part of the starting material itself, with a limited supply of oxygen.
The material can also be heated in a closed retort. Modern “charcoal” briquettes used for outdoor cooking may contain many other additives, e.g. coal.
This process happens naturally when combustion is incomplete, and is sometimes used in radiocarbon dating. It also happens inadvertently while burning wood, as in a fireplace or wood stove. The visible flame in these is due to combustion of the volatile gases exuded as the wood turns into charcoal. The soot and smoke commonly given off by wood fires result from incomplete combustion of those volatiles. Charcoal burns at a higher temperature than wood, with hardly a visible flame, and releases almost nothing except carbon dioxide (typically 2.5 to 3 kilograms for every kilogram of charcoal burnt, depending on the carbon content) and heat.
Charcoal has been used since earliest times for a large range of purposes. It is including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. It is the traditional fuel of a blacksmith’s forge and other applications where an intense heat is required. Charcoal was also used historically as a source of black pigment by grinding it up. In this form charcoal was important to early chemists. It was a constituent of formulas for mixtures such as black powder. Due to its high surface area charcoal can be used as a filter, and as a catalyst or as an adsorbent.
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